Electrical Engineering

• 1.1. History
• 1.2. Fundamental of Physics
• • 1.2.1. International Systems of Units
  • 1.2.2. Conversion of Units
  • 1.2.3. Accuracy and Precision
  • 1.2.4. Significant Figures
  • 1.2.5. Rounding Off
  • 1.2.6. Physical Quantities
  • 1.2.7. Length
  • 1.2.8. Mass
  • 1.2.9. Time
  • 1.2.10. Building blocks of matter
  • 1.2.11. Density
  • 1.2.12. Motion
  • • 1.2.12.1. Displacement
    • 1.2.12.2. Speed and Velocity
    • 1.2.12.3. Acceleration
    • 1.2.12.4. Scalars and Vectors
    • 1.2.12.5. Coordinates Systems
• 1.3. Sources of Electric Energy
• 1.4. Branches of Electrical Engineering
• • 1.4.1. Power Engineering
  • 1.4.2. Electronic Engineering
  • 1.4.3. Computer Engineering
  • 1.4.4. Microelectronics
  • 1.4.5. Control System Engineering
  • 1.4.6. Signal Processing
  • 1.4.7. Telecommunication Engineering
  • 1.4.8. Instrumentation Engineering
• 1.5. Electricity and Magnetism
• • 1.5.1. Atom and Its Structure
  • 1.5.2. Electric Charge
  • 1.5.3. Electric Field
  • • 1.5.3.1. Electric Permittivity
    • 1.5.3.2. Electric Flux
    • 1.5.3.3. Gauss Law
  • 1.5.4. Potential Difference
  • 1.5.5. Voltage Sources
  • • 1.5.5.1. Battery
    • 1.5.5.2. Ampere Hour Rating
    • 1.5.5.3. Solar Cell
    • 1.5.5.4. Voltmeter
    • 1.5.5.5. Ammeter
    • 1.5.5.6. Galvanometer
  • 1.5.6. Conductance and Insulation
  • • 1.5.6.1. Conductor
    • 1.5.6.2. Insulator
    • 1.5.6.3. Semiconductor
  • 1.5.7. Current
  • 1.5.8. Magnetism
  • • 1.5.8.1. Magnetic Fields
    • 1.5.8.2. Magnetic Flux
    • 1.5.8.3. Oersted law
    • 1.5.8.4. Fleming Right and Left Hand Rule
    • 1.5.8.5. Lorentz Force : Force on a Charge
    • 1.5.8.6. Force on a Current Carrying Conductor
    • 1.5.8.7. Magnetic Field of Current Carrying Conductor
    • 1.5.8.8. Force between Two Parallel Conductors

• 2.1. Exploring Computer
• • 2.1.1. Computer
  • 2.1.2. Computer Power
  • 2.1.3. Limitations of Computer
  • 2.1.4. Development of Computers
  • 2.1.5. Uses of Computer
• 2.2. Types of Computer
• • 2.2.1. Computers for Individual Users
  • • 2.2.1.1. desktop computer
    • 2.2.1.2. Workstations
    • 2.2.1.3. Notebook Computer
    • 2.2.1.4. Laptop Computer
    • 2.2.1.5. Tablet Computer
    • 2.2.1.6. Handheld Computer
    • 2.2.1.7. Smart Phone
  • 2.2.2. Computers for Organizations
  • • 2.2.2.1. Network Servers
    • 2.2.2.2. Mainframe Computer
    • 2.2.2.3. Minicomputers
    • 2.2.2.4. Supercomputers
  • 2.2.3. Computers in Society
  • • 2.2.3.1. Why are computers so important
    • 2.2.3.2. Importance of Computers in Home
    • 2.2.3.3. Importance of Computers in Education
    • 2.2.3.4. Importance of Computers in Small Business
    • 2.2.3.5. Importance of Computers in Industry
    • 2.2.3.6. Importance of Computers in Government
    • 2.2.3.7. Importance of Computers in Health Care
• 2.3. Inside the Computer

• 8.1. Basic Circuit Elements
• • 8.1.1. Active Circuit Elements
  • 8.1.2. Passive Circuit Elements
• 8.2. Resistance
• • 8.2.1. Resistance: Circular Wires
  • • 8.2.1.1. Circular Mils
    • 8.2.1.2. Electrical Cables
    • 8.2.1.3. Wire Gauges
  • 8.2.2. Temperature Effect
  • • 8.2.2.1. Inferred Absolute Temperature
    • 8.2.2.2. Temperature Coefficient of Resistance
    • 8.2.2.3. PPM per degree Centigrade
  • 8.2.3. Resistor
  • 8.2.4. Color coding and Standard Resistor Values
  • 8.2.5. Ohmmeter
  • 8.2.6. Resistance: Metric Units
• 8.3. Ohms Law, Power and Energy
• • 8.3.1. Energy
  • 8.3.2. Power
  • 8.3.3. Wattmeters
  • 8.3.4. Efficiency
• 8.4. Series DC Circuits
• • 8.4.1. Series Circuit
  • 8.4.2. Circuit Instrumentation
  • 8.4.3. Series Circuit Power Distribution
  • 8.4.4. Series Voltage Sources
  • 8.4.5. Kirchhoffs Voltage Law
  • 8.4.6. Voltage Division in a Series Circuit
  • 8.4.7. Interchanging Series Elements
  • 8.4.8. Circuit Analysis Notation
  • • 8.4.8.1. Single and Double Subscript Notation
  • 8.4.9. Internal Resistance of Voltage Sources
  • 8.4.10. Voltage Regulation
  • 8.4.11. Loading Effects of Instruments
• 8.5. Parallel DC Circuits
• • 8.5.1. Parallel Circuits
  • 8.5.2. Power Distribution
  • 8.5.3. Kirchhoffs Current law
  • 8.5.4. Current Divider Rule
  • 8.5.5. Voltage Sources in Parallel
  • 8.5.6. Open and Short Circuits
  • 8.5.7. Voltmeter Loading Effect
  • 8.5.8. Troubleshooting Techniques
  • 8.5.9. Parallel DC Circuits Applications
• 8.6. Series Parallel Circuits
• • 8.6.1. Reduce and Return Approach
  • 8.6.2. Block Diagram Approach
  • 8.6.3. Ladder Networks
  • 8.6.4. Voltage Divider Supply (Loaded and Unloaded)
  • 8.6.5. Potentiometer Loading
  • 8.6.6. Iron Vane Movement
  • • 8.6.6.1. Ammeter Design
    • 8.6.6.2. Voltmeter Design
    • 8.6.6.3. Ohmmeter Design
• 8.7. Methods of Analysis
• • 8.7.1. Current Sources
  • • 8.7.1.1. Source Conversion
    • 8.7.1.2. Current Sources in Parallel
    • 8.7.1.3. Current Sources in Series
  • 8.7.2. Branch Current Analysis
  • 8.7.3. Mesh Analysis
  • 8.7.4. Mesh Analysis with Current Sources
  • 8.7.5. Nodal Analysis
  • 8.7.6. Nodal Analysis with Voltage Sources
  • 8.7.7. Bridge Networks
  • 8.7.8. Wye Delta Transformation
• 8.8. Network Theorems
• • 8.8.1. Linearity Property
  • 8.8.2. Superposition Theorem
  • 8.8.3. Thevenins Theorem
  • 8.8.4. Nortons Theorem
  • 8.8.5. Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
  • 8.8.6. Millmans Theorem
  • 8.8.7. Substitution Theorem
  • 8.8.8. Reciprocity Theorem
  • 8.8.9. Application of Maximum Power Transfer Method
• 8.9. Capacitors
• • 8.9.1. Capacitance
  • 8.9.2. Types of capacitor
  • 8.9.3. Capacitor Charging Phase
  • 8.9.4. Capacitor Discharging Phase
  • 8.9.5. Initial Conditions
  • 8.9.6. Instantaneous Values
  • 8.9.7. Thevenin Equivalent Circuit
  • 8.9.8. Current through capacitor
  • 8.9.9. Capacitors in series and parallel
  • 8.9.10. Energy Stored by a Capacitor
  • 8.9.11. Stray Capacitance
• 8.10. Magnetic Circuits
• • 8.10.1. Magnetic Flux Density
  • 8.10.2. Permeability
  • 8.10.3. Magnetic Reluctance
  • 8.10.4. Ohms Law for Magnetic Circuits
  • 8.10.5. Magnetizing Force
  • 8.10.6. Hysteresis Curve
  • 8.10.7. Domain Theory of Magnetism
  • 8.10.8. Amperes Circuital Law
  • 8.10.9. Series Magnetic Circuits
  • 8.10.10. Magnetic Circuit Air Gaps
  • 8.10.11. Series Parallel Magnetic Circuits
  • 8.10.12. Application of Magnetic circuits
  • • 8.10.12.1. Speakers and Microphones
    • 8.10.12.2. Computer Hard Disks
    • 8.10.12.3. Hall Effect Sensor
    • 8.10.12.4. Magnetic Reed Switch
    • 8.10.12.5. Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• 8.11. Inductors
• • 8.11.1. Faradays Law of Induction
  • 8.11.2. Lenz law
  • 8.11.3. Self Inductance
  • 8.11.4. Types of Inductors
  • 8.11.5. Inductor values
  • 8.11.6. Induced Voltage
  • 8.11.7. RL Transients (storage cycle)
  • 8.11.8. Initial Values
  • 8.11.9. RL Transients (decay cycle)
  • 8.11.10. Thevenin Equivalent Circuit of Inductor
  • 8.11.11. Inductors in Series and Parallel
  • 8.11.12. RL and RLC Circuits with DC Inputs
  • 8.11.13. Energy Stored by an Inductor
  • 8.11.14. Application of inductors
• 8.12. Sinusoidal Alternating Waveforms
• • 8.12.1. Sinusoidal AC Voltage Generation
  • 8.12.2. Sinusoidal AC Waveform Definitions
  • 8.12.3. The Sine Wave
  • 8.12.4. General Format for the Sinusoidal Voltage or Current
  • 8.12.5. Sinusoidal Waveforms Phase Relations
  • 8.12.6. Average Value
  • 8.12.7. Effective or Root Mean Square (rms) Values
  • 8.12.8. AC meters and Instruments
• 8.13. The Basic Elements and Phasors
• • 8.13.1. The Derivative
  • 8.13.2. Response of Resistor to a Sinusoidal Voltage
  • 8.13.3. Response of Inductor to a Sinusoidal Voltage
  • 8.13.4. Response of Capacitor to a Sinusoidal Voltage
  • 8.13.5. Frequency Effects on L and C in DC Circuits
  • 8.13.6. Frequency Response of the Basic Elements
  • 8.13.7. Sinusoidal Voltage Average Power
  • 8.13.8. AC Power Factor
  • 8.13.9. Complex Numbers
  • • 8.13.9.1. Rectangular Form
    • 8.13.9.2. Polar Form
    • 8.13.9.3. Conversation between Forms
    • 8.13.9.4. Mathematical Operations with Complex Numbers
  • 8.13.10. Phasors
• 8.14. Series and Parallel ac Circuits
• • 8.14.1. Impedance and the Phasor Diagram
  • • 8.14.1.1. Impedance of Resistive Elements
    • 8.14.1.2. Impedance of Inductive Reactance
    • 8.14.1.3. Impedance of Capacitive Reactance
    • 8.14.1.4. Impedance Diagram
  • 8.14.2. AC Series Configuration
  • • 8.14.2.1. RL Series Circuit Configuration with example
    • 8.14.2.2. RC Series Circuit Configuration with example
    • 8.14.2.3. RLC Series Circuit Configuration with example
  • 8.14.3. AC Circuits Voltage divider rule
  • 8.14.4. Frequency Response of the RC Circuit
  • 8.14.5. SUMMARY of Series ac Circuits
  • 8.14.6. Admittance and Susceptance
  • 8.14.7. Parallel ac Networks
  • • 8.14.7.1. RL Parallel ac Network Configuration with example
    • 8.14.7.2. RC Parallel ac Network Configuration with example
    • 8.14.7.3. RLC Parallel ac Network Configuration with example
  • 8.14.8. AC Circuits Current Divider Rule
  • 8.14.9. Frequency Response of the Parallel RL Network
  • 8.14.10. Parallel ac Networks Summary
  • 8.14.11. AC Equivalent Circuit
  • 8.14.12. Phase Shift Measurement with Dual Trace Oscilloscope
  • 8.14.13. Application of Series and Parallel ac Circuits
  • • 8.14.13.1. Home Wiring
    • 8.14.13.2. Speaker Systems
• 8.15. Methods of Analysis of AC Network
• • 8.15.1. Independent Versus Dependent Controlled Sources
  • 8.15.2. Source Conversion of ac Circuits
  • 8.15.3. Mesh Analysis for ac Circuits
  • 8.15.4. Nodal Analysis for ac Circuits
  • 8.15.5. AC Bridge Networks
  • 8.15.6. Ac Wye Delta Transformation
• 8.16. AC Network Theorem
• • 8.16.1. Superposition Theorem (ac)
  • 8.16.2. Thevenins Theorem (ac)
  • 8.16.3. Nortons Theorem (ac)
  • 8.16.4. Maximum Power Transfer Theorem (ac)
• 8.17. Power (AC)
• • 8.17.1. Resistive (AC) Circuit Power Calculation
  • 8.17.2. Apparent Power
  • 8.17.3. Inductive Circuit and Reactive Power
  • 8.17.4. Capacitive Circuit
  • 8.17.5. The Power Triangle
  • 8.17.6. The Total P, Q and S
  • 8.17.7. Power Factor Correction
  • 8.17.8. Wattmeters and Power Factor Meters
  • 8.17.9. Effective Resistance
• 8.18. Resonance
• • 8.18.1. Series Resonant Circuit
  • 8.18.2. The Quality Factor (Q)
  • 8.18.3. Total Impedance Versus Frequency
  • 8.18.4. Selectivity of Frequency
  • 8.18.5. Magnitudes of Voltages across RLC versus Frequency
  • 8.18.6. Examples of Series Resonance Circuits
  • 8.18.7. Parallel Resonant Circuit
  • • 8.18.7.1. Resonace Frequency of a Parallel Resonant Circuit
  • 8.18.8. Selectivity Curve for Parallel Resonant Circuits
  • 8.18.9. Effect of Quality Factor greater than or Equal to 10
  • • 8.18.9.1. Inductive Reactance
    • 8.18.9.2. Resonant Frequency (Unity Power Factor)
    • 8.18.9.3. Parallel Resistance across Inductance, Rp
    • 8.18.9.4. Total impedance at resonance
    • 8.18.9.5. Quality Factor
    • 8.18.9.6. Bandwidth (BW)
    • 8.18.9.7. Current through Capacitor and Inductor
  • 8.18.10. Examples of Parallel Resonance
  • 8.18.11. Applications of Resonance Circuits
• 8.19. Transformer
• • 8.19.1. Mutual Inductance
  • 8.19.2. The Iron Core Transformer
  • 8.19.3. Reflected Impedance and Power
  • • 8.19.3.1. Transformer as a Impedance Matching
    • 8.19.3.2. Transformer as an Isolation Device
  • 8.19.4. Iron Core Transformer Equivalent Circuit
  • 8.19.5. Transformer Frequency Considerations
  • 8.19.6. Series Connection of Mutually Coupled Coils
  • 8.19.7. Air Core Transformer
  • 8.19.8. Transformer Nameplate Data
  • 8.19.9. Types of Transformers
  • 8.19.10. Tapped and Multiple Load Transformers
  • 8.19.11. Networks with Magnetically Coupled Coils
  • 8.19.12. Applications of Transformer
  • • 8.19.12.1. Transformer for Low Voltage Compensation
    • 8.19.12.2. Ballast Transformer
• 8.20. Polyphase Systems
• • 8.20.1. The Three Phase Generator
  • 8.20.2. The Y Connected Generator
  • • 8.20.2.1. Phase Sequence (Y CONNECTED GENERATOR)
    • 8.20.2.2. Y connected Generator connected to a Y connected load
  • 8.20.3. The Y Delta System
  • 8.20.4. The Delta Connected Generator
  • 8.20.5. The Delta Delta, Delta Y Three Phase Systems
  • 8.20.6. Power Calculation of Y Connected Balanced Load
  • 8.20.7. Power Calculation of Delta Connected Balanced Load
  • 8.20.8. The Three Wattmeter Method
  • 8.20.9. The Two Wattmeter Method
  • 8.20.10. Unbalanced Three phase Four wire, Y Connected Load
  • 8.20.11. Unbalanced, Three phase, Three wire, Y Connected Load
• 8.21. Frequency Response
• • 8.21.1. Logarithm
  • 8.21.2. Decibels
  • • 8.21.2.1. Decibels with Power Gain
    • 8.21.2.2. Decibels with Voltage Gain
    • 8.21.2.3. The Human Auditory Response
    • 8.21.2.4. Decibels Instrumentations
  • 8.21.3. Transfer Function
  • 8.21.4. Filters
  • • 8.21.4.1. RC Low Pass Filters
    • 8.21.4.2. RC High Pass Filters
    • 8.21.4.3. Pass Band Filters
    • 8.21.4.4. Stop Band Filters
    • 8.21.4.5. Double Tuned Filters
  • 8.21.5. Bode Plots
  • • 8.21.5.1. High Pass RC Filter
    • 8.21.5.2. Low Pass RC Filter
  • 8.21.6. Sketching the Bode Response
  • 8.21.7. Low Pass Filter with Limited Attenuation
  • 8.21.8. High Pass Filter with Limited Attenuation
  • 8.21.9. Crossover Networks
  • 8.21.10. Application of Filters
  • • 8.21.10.1. Attenuators
    • 8.21.10.2. Noise Filters
• 8.22. Pulse Waveform and the RC Response
• • 8.22.1. Ideal versus Actual Pulse Waveform
  • 8.22.2. Properties of a Pulse Waveform
  • 8.22.3. Pulse Repetition Rate and Duty Cycle
  • 8.22.4. Average Value of a Pulse Waveform
  • 8.22.5. Transient in RC Network
  • 8.22.6. RC Response to Square Wave Inputs
  • 8.22.7. Oscilloscope Attenuator
  • 8.22.8. Compensating Attenuator Probe
  • 8.22.9. Application of Pulse Waveform
• 8.23. The Laplace Transform
• • 8.23.1. Properties of The Laplace Transform
  • • 8.23.1.1. Linearity Property of The Laplace Transform
    • 8.23.1.2. Scaling Property of The Laplace Transform
    • 8.23.1.3. Time Shift Property of The Laplace Transform
    • 8.23.1.4. Frequency Shift Property of The Laplace Transform
    • 8.23.1.5. Time Differentiation Property of The Laplace Transform
    • 8.23.1.6. Time Integral Property of The Laplace Transform
    • 8.23.1.7. Frequency Differentiation Property of The Laplace Transform
    • 8.23.1.8. Time Periodicity Property of The Laplace Transform
    • 8.23.1.9. Initial and Final Values Properties of The Laplace Transform
  • 8.23.2. List of the Properties of The Laplace Transform
  • 8.23.3. Examples of The Laplace Transform
  • 8.23.4. The Inverse Laplace Transform
  • • 8.23.4.1. Simple Poles
    • 8.23.4.2. Repeated Poles
    • 8.23.4.3. Complex Poles
  • 8.23.5. Examples of The Inverse Laplace Transform
  • 8.23.6. Circuit Application of The Laplace Transform
  • 8.23.7. Transfer Function of The Laplace Transform
  • 8.23.8. The Convolution Integral
  • 8.23.9. Application to Integrodifferential Equations
  • 8.23.10. Application of The Laplace Transform to the Network Stability
  • 8.23.11. Application of The Laplace Transform to the Network Synthesis
• 8.24. The Fourier Series
• • 8.24.1. Trigonometric Fourier Series
  • 8.24.2. Symmetry Considerations of The Fourier Series
  • • 8.24.2.1. Even Symmetry
    • 8.24.2.2. Odd Symmetry
    • 8.24.2.3. Half Wave Symmetry
  • 8.24.3. Common Functions of The Fourier Series
  • 8.24.4. Circuit Application of The Fourier Series
  • 8.24.5. Average Power and RMS Values of The Fourier Series
  • 8.24.6. Exponential Fourier Series
  • 8.24.7. Application of the Fourier Series to Spectrum Analyzers
  • 8.24.8. Application of the Fourier Series to Filters
• 8.25. Fourier Transform
• • 8.25.1. Properties of the Fourier Transform
  • • 8.25.1.1. Linearity property of the Fourier Transform
    • 8.25.1.2. Time Scaling property of the Fourier Transform
    • 8.25.1.3. Time Shifting property of the Fourier Transform
    • 8.25.1.4. Frequency Shifting property of the Fourier Transform
    • 8.25.1.5. Time Differenciation property of the Fourier Transform
    • 8.25.1.6. Time Integration property of the Fourier Transform
    • 8.25.1.7. Reversal property of the Fourier Transform
    • 8.25.1.8. Duality property of the Fourier Transform
    • 8.25.1.9. Convolution property of the Fourier Transform
    • 8.25.1.10. Summary of the Properties of the Fourier Transform
  • 8.25.2. Examples of the Fourier Transform
  • 8.25.3. Examples of the Inverse Fourier Transform
  • 8.25.4. Circuit Application of the Fourier Transform
  • 8.25.5. Parsevals Theorem
  • 8.25.6. Comparing the Fourier and Laplace Transform
  • 8.25.7. Application of the Fourier Transform to the Amplitude Modulation
  • 8.25.8. Application of the Fourier Transform to the Sampling
• 8.26. Two Port Networks
• • 8.26.1. Impedance Parameters
  • 8.26.2. Admittance Parameters
  • 8.26.3. Hybrid Parameters
  • 8.26.4. Transmission Parameters
  • 8.26.5. Relationships between Parameters
  • 8.26.6. Interconnection of Networks
  • 8.26.7. Application of the Two Port Networks to the Transistor Circuits
  • 8.26.8. Application of the Two Port Networks to the Ladder Network Synthesis
• 8.27. Nonsinusoidal Circuits
• • 8.27.1. Circuit Response to a Nonsinusoidal Input
  • 8.27.2. Addition and Subtraction of Nonsinusoidal Waveforms