Electrical Engineering

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  1.1. History of electrical engineering
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  1.2. Fundamental of Physics
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    1.2.1. Building blocks of matter
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    1.2.2. Physical Quantities
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      1.2.2.1. Length
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      1.2.2.2. Mass
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      1.2.2.3. Time
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      1.2.2.4. Density
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    1.2.3. SI Units
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    1.2.4. Conversion of Units
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    1.2.5. Accuracy
  • • 
      1.2.5.1. Systematic Error
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      1.2.5.2. Random Error
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    1.2.6. Precision
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    1.2.7. Mean
  • 
    1.2.8. Standard Deviation
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    1.2.9. Significant Figures
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    1.2.10. Rounding Off
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    1.2.11. Scalars and Vectors
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    1.2.12. Coordinates Systems
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    1.2.13. Motion
  • • 
      1.2.13.1. Displacement
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      1.2.13.2. Speed
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      1.2.13.3. Velocity
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      1.2.13.4. Acceleration
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    1.2.14. Energy
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    1.2.15. Power
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    1.2.16. Efficiency
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  1.3. Sources of Electric Energy
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  1.4. Branches of Electrical Engineering
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    1.4.1. Power Engineering
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    1.4.2. Electronic Engineering
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    1.4.3. Computer Engineering
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    1.4.4. Microelectronics
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    1.4.5. Control System Engineering
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    1.4.6. Signal Processing
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    1.4.7. Telecommunication Engineering
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    1.4.8. Instrumentation Engineering
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  1.5. Electricity
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    1.5.1. Atom and Its Structure
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    1.5.2. Electric Charge
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    1.5.3. Electric Field
  • • 
      1.5.3.1. Electric Permittivity
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      1.5.3.2. Electric Flux
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      1.5.3.3. Gauss Law
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    1.5.4. Potential Difference
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    1.5.5. Voltage Sources
  • • 
      1.5.5.1. Battery
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      1.5.5.2. Solar Cell
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    1.5.6. Electrical Measuring Instruments
  • • 
      1.5.6.1. Voltmeter
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      1.5.6.2. Ammeter
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      1.5.6.3. Ohmmeter
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      1.5.6.4. Galvanometer
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      1.5.6.5. Wattmeter
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      1.5.6.6. Multimeter
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    1.5.7. Ampere Hour Rating
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    1.5.8. Conductance and Insulation
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      1.5.8.1. Conductor
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      1.5.8.2. Insulator
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      1.5.8.3. Semiconductor
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    1.5.9. Current
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  1.6. Magnetism
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    1.6.1. Magnetic Fields
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    1.6.2. Magnetic Field Strength
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    1.6.3. Magnetic Flux
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    1.6.4. Oersted law
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    1.6.5. Fleming Right and Left Hand Rule
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    1.6.6. Lorentz Force
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    1.6.7. Force on a Current Carrying Conductor
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    1.6.8. Magnetic Field of Current Carrying Conductor
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    1.6.9. Force between Two Parallel Conductors

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  2.1. Exploring Computer
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    2.1.1. Computer
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    2.1.2. Computer Power
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    2.1.3. Limitations of Computer
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    2.1.4. Development of Computers
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    2.1.5. Uses of Computer
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  2.2. Types of Computer
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    2.2.1. Computers for Individual Users
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      2.2.1.1. Desktop Computer
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      2.2.1.2. Workstations
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      2.2.1.3. Notebook Computer
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      2.2.1.4. Laptop Computer
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      2.2.1.5. Tablet Computer
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      2.2.1.6. Handheld Computer
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      2.2.1.7. Smart Phone
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    2.2.2. Computers for Organizations
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      2.2.2.1. Network Servers
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      2.2.2.2. Mainframe Computer
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      2.2.2.3. Minicomputers
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      2.2.2.4. Supercomputers
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    2.2.3. Computers in Society
  • • 
      2.2.3.1. Why are computers so important
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      2.2.3.2. Importance of Computers in Home
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      2.2.3.3. Importance of Computers in Education
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      2.2.3.4. Importance of Computers in Small Business
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      2.2.3.5. Importance of Computers in Industry
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      2.2.3.6. Importance of Computers in Government
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      2.2.3.7. Importance of Computers in Health Care
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  2.3. Inside the Computer
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    2.3.1. Parts of a Computer System
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    2.3.2. The Information Processing Cycle
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    2.3.3. Computer Hardware
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      2.3.3.1. Computer Processing Devices
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      2.3.3.2. Computer Memory Devices
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      2.3.3.3. Computer Input and Output Devices
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      2.3.3.4. Computer Storage Devices
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    2.3.4. Computer Software
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      2.3.4.1. System Software
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      2.3.4.2. Application Software
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    2.3.5. Computer Data
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    2.3.6. Computer Users
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  2.4. Interacting with Computers
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    2.4.1. The Keyboard
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    2.4.2. How the Computer Accepts Input from the Keyboard
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    2.4.3. Saving Time With Keyboard Shortcuts
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    2.4.4. The Computer Mouse
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      2.4.4.1. Using the Mouse
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      2.4.4.2. Mouse Button Configurations
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      2.4.4.3. Variants of the Mouse
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    2.4.5. Devices for the Hand
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      2.4.5.1. Pen Based Systems
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      2.4.5.2. Touch Screens
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      2.4.5.3. Game Controllers
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    2.4.6. Optical Input Devices
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      2.4.6.1. Bar Code Readers
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      2.4.6.2. Image Scanners and Optical Character Recognition (OCR)
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      2.4.6.3. Speech Recognition
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    2.4.7. Audiovisual Input Devices
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      2.4.7.1. Microphones
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      2.4.7.2. Other Types of Audio Input
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      2.4.7.3. Video Input
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      2.4.7.4. Digital Cameras
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    2.4.8. Ergonomics and Input Devices
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    2.4.9. Computer Voting
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    2.4.10. Computer Hardware Technician
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  2.5. Inputting Data in Other Ways

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  8.1. Electric Circuit
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    8.1.1. Circuit Elements
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      8.1.1.1. Active Circuit Elements
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      8.1.1.2. Passive Circuit Elements
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    8.1.2. Ohms Law
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    8.1.3. Open Circuits
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    8.1.4. Short Circuits
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  8.2. Resistance
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    8.2.1. Resistance of Circular Wires
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      8.2.1.1. Circular Mils
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      8.2.1.2. Electrical Cables
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      8.2.1.3. Wire Gauge
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    8.2.2. Temperature Effect on Resistance
  • • 
      8.2.2.1. Inferred Absolute Temperature
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      8.2.2.2. Temperature Coefficient of Resistance
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      8.2.2.3. PPM per degree Centigrade
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    8.2.3. Resistor
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    8.2.4. Color coding and Standard Resistor Values
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    8.2.5. Metric Units of Resistance
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  8.3. Series DC Circuits
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    8.3.1. Series Circuit
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    8.3.2. Circuit Instrumentation
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    8.3.3. Series Circuit Power Distribution
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    8.3.4. Series Voltage Sources
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    8.3.5. Kirchhoffs Voltage Law
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    8.3.6. Voltage Division in a Series Circuit
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    8.3.7. Interchanging Series Elements
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    8.3.8. Circuit Analysis Notation
  • • 
      8.3.8.1. Single and Double Subscript Notation in Electrical Circuit Analysis
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    8.3.9. Internal Resistance of Voltage Sources
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    8.3.10. Voltage Regulation
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    8.3.11. Loading Effects of Instruments
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  8.4. Parallel DC Circuits
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    8.4.1. Parallel Circuits
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    8.4.2. Power Distribution
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    8.4.3. Kirchhoffs Current law
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    8.4.4. Current Divider Rule
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    8.4.5. Voltage Sources in Parallel
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    8.4.6. Voltmeter Loading Effect
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    8.4.7. Troubleshooting Techniques
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    8.4.8. Parallel DC Circuits Applications
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  8.5. Series Parallel Circuits
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    8.5.1. Reduce and Return Approach
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    8.5.2. Block Diagram Approach
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    8.5.3. Ladder Networks
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    8.5.4. Voltage Divider Supply
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    8.5.5. Potentiometer Loading
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    8.5.6. Iron Vane Movement
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      8.5.6.1. Ammeter Design
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      8.5.6.2. Voltmeter Design
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      8.5.6.3. Ohmmeter Design
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  8.6. Methods of Analysis
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    8.6.1. Current Sources
  • • 
      8.6.1.1. Source Conversion
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      8.6.1.2. Current Sources in Parallel
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      8.6.1.3. Current Sources in Series
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    8.6.2. Branch Current Analysis
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    8.6.3. Mesh Analysis
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    8.6.4. Mesh Analysis with Current Sources
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    8.6.5. Nodal Analysis
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    8.6.6. Nodal Analysis with Voltage Sources
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    8.6.7. Bridge Networks
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    8.6.8. Star Delta Transformation
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  8.7. Network Theorems
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    8.7.1. Linearity Property
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    8.7.2. Superposition Theorem
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    8.7.3. Thevenins Theorem
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    8.7.4. Nortons Theorem
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    8.7.5. Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
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    8.7.6. Application of Maximum Power Transfer Method
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    8.7.7. Millmans Theorem
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    8.7.8. Substitution Theorem
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    8.7.9. Reciprocity Theorem
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  8.8. Capacitors
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    8.8.1. Capacitance
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    8.8.2. Types of capacitor
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    8.8.3. Initial Conditions of capacitor
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    8.8.4. Capacitor Charging Phase
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    8.8.5. Capacitor Discharging Phase
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    8.8.6. Instantaneous Values of Capacitor
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    8.8.7. Thevenin Equivalent Circuit of Capacitor
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    8.8.8. Current through capacitor
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    8.8.9. Capacitors in series and parallel
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    8.8.10. Energy Stored by a Capacitor
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    8.8.11. Stray Capacitance
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  8.9. Magnetic Circuits
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    8.9.1. Magnetic Flux Density
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    8.9.2. Permeability
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    8.9.3. Magnetic Reluctance
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    8.9.4. Ohms Law for Magnetic Circuits
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    8.9.5. Magnetizing Force
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    8.9.6. Hysteresis Curve
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    8.9.7. Domain Theory of Magnetism
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    8.9.8. Amperes Circuital Law
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    8.9.9. Series Magnetic Circuits
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    8.9.10. Magnetic Circuit Air Gaps
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    8.9.11. Series and Parallel Magnetic Circuits
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    8.9.12. Application of Magnetic circuits
  • • 
      8.9.12.1. Speakers and Microphones
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      8.9.12.2. Computer Hard Disks
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      8.9.12.3. Hall Effect Sensor
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      8.9.12.4. Magnetic Reed Switch
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      8.9.12.5. Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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  8.10. Inductors
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    8.10.1. Faradays Law of Induction
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    8.10.2. Lenz law
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    8.10.3. Self Inductance
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    8.10.4. Types of Inductors
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    8.10.5. Inductor values
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    8.10.6. Induced Voltage
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    8.10.7. Transient Response of RL Circuit
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    8.10.8. Initial Values of an Inductor
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    8.10.9. Decay of Current in RL Circuit
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    8.10.10. Thevenin Equivalent Circuit of Inductor
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    8.10.11. Inductors in Series and Parallel
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    8.10.12. RL and RLC Circuits with DC Inputs
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    8.10.13. Energy Stored by an Inductor
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    8.10.14. Applications of inductor
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  8.11. Sinusoidal Alternating Waveforms
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    8.11.1. Sinusoidal AC Voltage Generation
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    8.11.2. Sinusoidal AC Waveform Definitions
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    8.11.3. The Sine Wave
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    8.11.4. General Format for the Sinusoidal Voltage or Current
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    8.11.5. Phase Relationship of a Sinusoidal Waveform
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    8.11.6. Average Value of Sinusoidal Waveform
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    8.11.7. Root Mean Square value of Sinusoidal waveform
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    8.11.8. AC meters and Instruments
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  8.12. Basic Elements of AC Circuit and Phasors
• • 
    8.12.1. The Derivative of Sinusoidal Waveform
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    8.12.2. Response of Resistor to a Sinusoidal Voltage
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    8.12.3. Response of Inductor to a Sinusoidal Voltage
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    8.12.4. Response of Capacitor to a Sinusoidal Voltage
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    8.12.5. Frequency Effects on L and C in DC Circuits
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    8.12.6. Frequency Response of the Basic Elements
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    8.12.7. Average Power of Sinusoidal Voltage
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    8.12.8. AC Power Factor
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    8.12.9. Complex Numbers
  • • 
      8.12.9.1. Rectangular Form
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      8.12.9.2. Polar Form
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      8.12.9.3. Conversation between Complex Number Forms
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      8.12.9.4. Mathematical Operations with Complex Numbers
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    8.12.10. Phasors
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  8.13. Series and Parallel ac Circuits
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    8.13.1. Impedance and the Phasor Diagram
  • • 
      8.13.1.1. Impedance of Resistive Elements
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      8.13.1.2. Impedance of Inductive Reactance
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      8.13.1.3. Impedance of Capacitive Reactance
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      8.13.1.4. Impedance Diagram
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    8.13.2. AC Series Configuration
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      8.13.2.1. RL Series Circuit
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      8.13.2.2. RC Series Circuit
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      8.13.2.3. RLC Series Circuit
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    8.13.3. AC Voltage Divider Rule
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    8.13.4. Frequency Response of the RC Circuit
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    8.13.5. SUMMARY of Series AC Circuits
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    8.13.6. Admittance and Susceptance
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    8.13.7. Parallel ac Networks
  • • 
      8.13.7.1. RL Parallel Circuit
    • 
      8.13.7.2. RC Parallel Circuit
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      8.13.7.3. RLC Parallel Circuit
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    8.13.8. Current Divider Rule of ac Circuits
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    8.13.9. Frequency Response of Parallel RL Network
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    8.13.10. Parallel ac Networks Summary
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    8.13.11. AC Equivalent Circuit
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    8.13.12. Phase Shift Measurement with Dual Trace Oscilloscope
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    8.13.13. Application of Series and Parallel ac Circuits
  • • 
      8.13.13.1. Home Wiring
    • 
      8.13.13.2. Speaker Systems
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  8.14. Methods of Analysis of AC Network
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    8.14.1. Independent Versus Dependent Controlled Sources
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    8.14.2. Source Conversion of ac Circuits
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    8.14.3. Mesh Analysis for ac Circuits
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    8.14.4. Nodal Analysis for ac Circuits
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    8.14.5. AC Bridge Networks
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    8.14.6. Star Delta Transformation (AC)
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  8.15. Network Theorem (AC)
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    8.15.1. Superposition Theorem (ac)
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    8.15.2. Thevenins Theorem (ac)
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    8.15.3. Nortons Theorem (ac)
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    8.15.4. Maximum Power Transfer Theorem (ac)
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  8.16. Power (AC)
• • 
    8.16.1. Resistive (AC) Circuit Power Calculation
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    8.16.2. Apparent Power
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    8.16.3. Reactive Power in Inductive Circuit
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    8.16.4. Reactive Power in Capacitive Circuit
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    8.16.5. The Power Triangle
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    8.16.6. The Total Apparent, Active and Reactive Power
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    8.16.7. Power Factor Correction
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    8.16.8. Wattmeters and Power Factor Meters
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    8.16.9. Effective Resistance
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  8.17. Resonance
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    8.17.1. Series Resonant Circuit
  • 
    8.17.2. The Quality Factor (Q)
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    8.17.3. Total Impedance Versus Frequency
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    8.17.4. Selectivity of Frequency
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    8.17.5. Magnitudes of Voltages across RLC versus Frequency
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    8.17.6. Examples of Series Resonance Circuits
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    8.17.7. Parallel Resonant Circuit
  • • 
      8.17.7.1. Resonace Frequency of a Parallel Resonant Circuit
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    8.17.8. Selectivity Curve for Parallel Resonant Circuits
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    8.17.9. Effect of Quality Factor greater than or Equal to 10
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      8.17.9.1. Inductive Reactance
    • 
      8.17.9.2. Resonant Frequency (Unity Power Factor)
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      8.17.9.3. Parallel Resistance across Inductance
    • 
      8.17.9.4. Total impedance at resonance
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      8.17.9.5. Quality Factor
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      8.17.9.6. Bandwidth (BW)
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      8.17.9.7. Current through Capacitor and Inductor
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    8.17.10. Examples of Parallel Resonance
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    8.17.11. Applications of Resonance Circuits
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  8.18. Transformer
• • 
    8.18.1. Mutual Inductance
  • 
    8.18.2. The Iron Core Transformer
  • 
    
    8.18.3. Reflected Impedance and Power
  • • 
      8.18.3.1. Transformer as a Impedance Matching
    • 
      8.18.3.2. Transformer as an Isolation Device
  • 
    8.18.4. Iron Core Transformer Equivalent Circuit
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    8.18.5. Transformer Frequency Considerations
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    8.18.6. Series Connection of Mutually Coupled Coils
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    8.18.7. Air Core Transformer
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    8.18.8. Transformer Nameplate Data
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    8.18.9. Types of Transformers
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    8.18.10. Tapped and Multiple Load Transformers
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    8.18.11. Networks with Magnetically Coupled Coils
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    8.18.12. Applications of Transformer
  • • 
      8.18.12.1. Transformer for Low Voltage Compensation
    • 
      8.18.12.2. Ballast Transformer
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  8.19. Polyphase Systems
• • 
    8.19.1. The Three Phase Generator
  • 
    
    8.19.2. The Y Connected Generator
  • • 
      8.19.2.1. Phase Sequence (Y CONNECTED GENERATOR)
    • 
      8.19.2.2. Y connected Generator connected to a Y connected load
  • 
    8.19.3. The Y Delta System
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    8.19.4. The Delta Connected Generator
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    8.19.5. The Delta Delta, Delta Y Three Phase Systems
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    8.19.6. Power Calculation of Y Connected Balanced Load
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    8.19.7. Power Calculation of Delta Connected Balanced Load
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    8.19.8. The Three Wattmeter Method
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    8.19.9. The Two Wattmeter Method
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    8.19.10. Unbalanced Three phase Four wire, Y Connected Load
  • 
    8.19.11. Unbalanced, Three phase, Three wire, Y Connected Load
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  8.20. Frequency Response
• • 
    8.20.1. Logarithm
  • 
    
    8.20.2. Decibels
  • • 
      8.20.2.1. Decibels with Power Gain
    • 
      8.20.2.2. Decibels with Voltage Gain
    • 
      8.20.2.3. The Human Auditory Response
    • 
      8.20.2.4. Decibels Instrumentations
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    8.20.3. Transfer Function
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    8.20.4. Filters
  • • 
      8.20.4.1. RC Low Pass Filters
    • 
      8.20.4.2. RC High Pass Filters
    • 
      8.20.4.3. Pass Band Filters
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      8.20.4.4. Stop Band Filters
    • 
      8.20.4.5. Double Tuned Filters
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    8.20.5. Bode Plots
  • • 
      8.20.5.1. High Pass RC Filter
    • 
      8.20.5.2. Low Pass RC Filter
  • 
    8.20.6. Sketching the Bode Response
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    8.20.7. Low Pass Filter with Limited Attenuation
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    8.20.8. High Pass Filter with Limited Attenuation
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    8.20.9. Crossover Networks
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    8.20.10. Application of Filters
  • • 
      8.20.10.1. Attenuators
    • 
      8.20.10.2. Noise Filters
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  8.21. Pulse Waveform and the RC Response
• • 
    8.21.1. Ideal versus Actual Pulse Waveform
  • 
    8.21.2. Properties of a Pulse Waveform
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    8.21.3. Pulse Repetition Rate and Duty Cycle
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    8.21.4. Average Value of a Pulse Waveform
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    8.21.5. Transient in RC Network
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    8.21.6. RC Response to Square Wave Inputs
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    8.21.7. Oscilloscope Attenuator
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    8.21.8. Compensating Attenuator Probe
  • 
    8.21.9. Application of Pulse Waveform
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  8.22. The Laplace Transform
• • 
    
    8.22.1. Properties of The Laplace Transform
  • • 
      8.22.1.1. Linearity Property of The Laplace Transform
    • 
      8.22.1.2. Scaling Property of The Laplace Transform
    • 
      8.22.1.3. Time Shift Property of The Laplace Transform
    • 
      8.22.1.4. Frequency Shift Property of The Laplace Transform
    • 
      8.22.1.5. Time Differentiation Property of The Laplace Transform
    • 
      8.22.1.6. Time Integral Property of The Laplace Transform
    • 
      8.22.1.7. Frequency Differentiation Property of The Laplace Transform
    • 
      8.22.1.8. Time Periodicity Property of The Laplace Transform
    • 
      8.22.1.9. Initial and Final Values Properties of The Laplace Transform
  • 
    8.22.2. List of the Properties of The Laplace Transform
  • 
    8.22.3. Examples of The Laplace Transform
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    8.22.4. The Inverse Laplace Transform
  • • 
      8.22.4.1. Simple Poles
    • 
      8.22.4.2. Repeated Poles
    • 
      8.22.4.3. Complex Poles
  • 
    8.22.5. Examples of The Inverse Laplace Transform
  • 
    8.22.6. Circuit Application of The Laplace Transform
  • 
    8.22.7. Transfer Function of The Laplace Transform
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    8.22.8. The Convolution Integral
  • 
    8.22.9. Application to Integrodifferential Equations
  • 
    8.22.10. Application of The Laplace Transform to the Network Stability
  • 
    8.22.11. Application of The Laplace Transform to the Network Synthesis
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  8.23. The Fourier Series
• • 
    8.23.1. Trigonometric Fourier Series
  • 
    
    8.23.2. Symmetry Considerations of The Fourier Series
  • • 
      8.23.2.1. Even Symmetry
    • 
      8.23.2.2. Odd Symmetry
    • 
      8.23.2.3. Half Wave Symmetry
  • 
    8.23.3. Common Functions of The Fourier Series
  • 
    8.23.4. Circuit Application of The Fourier Series
  • 
    8.23.5. Average Power and RMS Values of The Fourier Series
  • 
    8.23.6. Exponential Fourier Series
  • 
    8.23.7. Application of the Fourier Series to Spectrum Analyzers
  • 
    8.23.8. Application of the Fourier Series to Filters
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  8.24. Fourier Transform
• • 
    
    8.24.1. Properties of the Fourier Transform
  • • 
      8.24.1.1. Linearity property of the Fourier Transform
    • 
      8.24.1.2. Time Scaling property of the Fourier Transform
    • 
      8.24.1.3. Time Shifting property of the Fourier Transform
    • 
      8.24.1.4. Frequency Shifting property of the Fourier Transform
    • 
      8.24.1.5. Time Differenciation property of the Fourier Transform
    • 
      8.24.1.6. Time Integration property of the Fourier Transform
    • 
      8.24.1.7. Reversal property of the Fourier Transform
    • 
      8.24.1.8. Duality property of the Fourier Transform
    • 
      8.24.1.9. Convolution property of the Fourier Transform
    • 
      8.24.1.10. Summary of the Properties of the Fourier Transform
  • 
    8.24.2. Examples of the Fourier Transform
  • 
    8.24.3. Examples of the Inverse Fourier Transform
  • 
    8.24.4. Circuit Application of the Fourier Transform
  • 
    8.24.5. Parsevals Theorem
  • 
    8.24.6. Comparing the Fourier and Laplace Transform
  • 
    8.24.7. Application of the Fourier Transform to the Amplitude Modulation
  • 
    8.24.8. Application of the Fourier Transform to the Sampling
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  8.25. Two Port Networks
• • 
    8.25.1. Impedance Parameters
  • 
    8.25.2. Admittance Parameters
  • 
    8.25.3. Hybrid Parameters
  • 
    8.25.4. Transmission Parameters
  • 
    8.25.5. Relationships between Parameters
  • 
    8.25.6. Interconnection of Networks
  • 
    8.25.7. Application of the Two Port Networks to the Transistor Circuits
  • 
    8.25.8. Application of the Two Port Networks to the Ladder Network Synthesis
• 
  
  8.26. Nonsinusoidal Circuits
• • 
    8.26.1. Circuit Response to a Nonsinusoidal Input
  • 
    8.26.2. Addition and Subtraction of Nonsinusoidal Waveforms